This effectively makes it possible to deliver interrupts that are aware of nonuniform memory access (NUMA) by sending the interrupt to the processor that made the related device request in the first place. The MSI payload can be written to a different physical address range that belongs to a different processor, or to a different group of target processors, by using a different address. In PCI 3.0, the MSI model gained support for MSI-X, an expansion of the MSI model that adds support for 32-bit messages (instead of 16-bit), a maximum of 2048 different messages (instead of 32), and-most importantly-the ability to use a different address (which can be determined dynamically-for each of the MSI payloads. Additionally, a device can send up to 32 messages (each with a distinct payload) to the memory address, depending on the event. This generates an interrupt, after which Windows calls the ISR with the message's content (value) and its delivery address. According to the MSI model, a device notifies its driver by writing to a certain memory location.

Despite the fact that it is still an optional part of the standard and is seldom encountered on client machines, more servers and workstations are implementing MSI support, which is fully supported by all current Windows versions. The GPU cannot utilise more than one IRQ in the first place since PCI devices are all tied to a single IRQ line.Ī new interrupt mechanism known as message-signaled interrupts, which was initially presented in the PCI 2.2 standard, provides a solution to all of these issues (MSI). But using four IRQ lines for a single device soon exhausts the available IRQ lines. For instance, a far better approach for example is for each device to have its own interrupt and for one driver to manage the many interrupts while being aware of which device they originated from. They are frequently undesired and a result of a computer's finite number of hardware interrupt lines. High interrupt latency is frequently caused by shared interrupts, which can also affect stability.

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